Report Title	Brief Narrative	Link	Date
Technical Economic Assessment of LWR-Supported Hydrogen Markets in Gulf Coast Regions, INL/RPT-23-75604	This report is a preliminary progress report which specifically addresses hydrogen generation opportunities from NPPs in the U.S. Gulf Coast Region including Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida, beginning with Entergy operated NPPs.	Download	11/30/2023
Comparison of Energy Storage and Arbitrage Options for Nuclear Power, INL/RPT-23-74644	The purpose of this report is to compare and rank energy storage technologies that can store energy from an LWR for a wide spectrum of storage durations. For the purposes of this report 500 MWe-AC of discharge capacity was chosen as the capacity upon which all of the energy storage options are compared.	Download	9/28/2023
Estimating the Value of Nuclear Integrated Hydrogen Production and the Dependency of Electricity and Hydrogen Markets on Natural Gas, INL/RPT-23-73909	The purpose of this work reported herein was to specify, design, build, demonstrate, and deploy a simplified user-friendly NPP-HTSE hydrogen profitability analysis tool to provide utility companies operating NPPs with a quick and semi-intuitive interface to evaluate the opportunity of integrating HTSE hydrogen production with existing LWR NPPs.	Download	8/23/2023
Production of Fischer-Tropsch Synfuels at Nuclear Plants, INL/RPT-22-69047	A case study analysis was performed to evaluate nuclear-powered synthetic fuel production in the midwestern US. A Fischer-Tropsch fuel synthesis plant design was used as the basis for the analysis. The FT plant design was configured to produce a product slate consisting of diesel fuel, jet fuel, and motor gasoline blend stocks from CO2 and H2 feedstocks. The CO2 feedstock for the FT plant was assumed to be sourced from biorefineries in the region around a Midwest LWR NPP. The analysis specifies that power from the LWR is used to produce H2 via high-temperature steam electrolysis and to operate the FT synfuel production plant.	Download	9/30/2022
Plan for Scaling Up Hydrogen Production with Nuclear Power Plants, INL/RPT-22-68155	Opportunity for nuclear power plants to participate in a first-of-a-kind commercial nuclear H2 project intended to bring industry partners together to create regional clean H2 hubs. The report discusses the set of activities that are now underway or that are planned for completion by the FPOG Pathway to reduce the economic, technical, regulatory, and safety risks of these projects. DOE cross-program activities are being coordinated to ensure success in the timeframe allowed by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill.	Download	8/1/2022
Release a Public Version of HERON 2.0 with Improved Algorithms for the Treatment of Energy Storage, INL-EXT-21-65476	The HERON is a generic software plugin for the RAVEN to perform stochastic technoeconomic analysis of IES with economic drivers. This report summarizes the updates made to HERON 2.0.	Download	12/20/2021
A Technical and Economic Assessment of LWR Flexible Operation for Generation/Demand Balancing to Optimize Plant Revenue, INL/EXT-21-65473	With increased penetration of variable renewable energy resources that are often subsidized and competition from low natural gas prices, existing LWR NPPs are struggling to remain economically competitive. This work examines the potential economic competitiveness of various TES technologies when coupled directly or indirectly with an NPP. To highlight their relative economic competitiveness, we contrast several energy storage solutions in stochastic dispatch optimization.	Download	12/1/2021
Energy Arbitrage: Comparison of Options for use with LWR Nuclear Power Plants, INL/EXT-21-62939	Static conditions were chosen and analyzed in this report for each option. Dynamic operation or optimization of energy arbitrage or demand response are out of scope for this report. The analysis is based on storage systems with discharge capacities of 500 MW for which various durations of storage and costs of charging (electricity cost) are examined.	Download	9/30/2021
Dynamic Human-in-the-Loop Simulated Nuclear Power Plant Thermal Power Dispatch System Demonstration and Evaluation Study, INL/EXT-21-64329	The study aimed to demonstrate and evaluate an initial concept of operations for using a portion of the steam from a nuclear power plant for an industrial user through a thermal power dispatch coupling. Virtual representations of the analog control panels were presented on touchscreen bays configured to mimic the control room layout in the newly renovated Human Systems Simulation Laboratory.	Download	9/16/2021
Evaluation of Hybrid Flexible Plant Operation and Generation Applications in Regulated and Deregulated Markets Using HERON, INL/EXT-20-60968	To analyze the economic viability of various system configurations such IES, particularly given the uncertainty surrounding load demand, electricity prices, and the availability of VRE resources, the stochastic technoeconomic analysis package HERON was released earlier this year as an extension of the risk analysis framework RAVEN.	Download	12/12/2020
Techno-Economic Analysis of Synthetic Fuels Pathways Integrated with Light Water Reactors, INL/EXT-20-59775	Synthetic fuels (synfuels) and chemicals (synchems) are produced by synthesis from chemical building blocks rather than by conventional petroleum refining. Synthesis gas or syngas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) is a common intermediate building block in the production of synfuels and synchems. Syngas can be produced by many processes, including biomass or fossil fuel gasification and by co-electrolysis.	Download	9/4/2020
Markets and Economics for Thermal Power Extraction from Nuclear Power Plants for Industrial Processes, INL/EXT-20-58884	Concepts for how a hypothetical energy park could be centered around an LWR are developed and presented. Various candidate industrial processes are sketched in ways that provide synergy to the energy park as a whole, as shown in Figure ES1, in which CO2 produced by an ethane steam-cracker burner is captured by a molten-carbonate fuel cell and upgraded through hydrogenation and methanol-to-olefins processes.	Download	7/1/2020
HERON as a Tool for LWR Market Interaction In a Deregulated Market, INL/EXT-19-56933	HERON as a plugin enables RAVEN to perform stochastic technoeconomic analysis of grid-energy systems in a generic approach. The primary function of HERON is to generate the complex RAVEN workflows necessary to optimize component capacities under stochastic systems. HERON is capable of analyzing systems with complex components transferring a variety of commodities, including production components and varied markets.	Download	12/21/2019
Technoeconomic Analysis on an Electrochemical Nonoxidative Deprotonation Process for Ethylene Production from Ethane, INL/EXT-19-56936	Synthetic fuels (synfuels) and chemicals (synchems) are produced by synthesis from chemical building blocks rather than by conventional petroleum refining. Synthesis gas or syngas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) is a common intermediate building block in the production of synfuels and synchems. Syngas can be produced by many processes, including biomass or fossil fuel gasification and by co-electrolysis. In co-electrolysis, CO2 is reacted with water to produce syngas.	Download	12/17/2019
Evaluation of Non-electric Market Options for a Light-water Reactor in the Midwest, INL/EXT-19-55090	Synthetic fuels (synfuels) and chemicals (synchems) are produced by synthesis from chemical building blocks rather than by conventional petroleum refining. Synthesis gas or syngas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) is a common intermediate building block in the production of synfuels and synchems. Syngas can be produced by many processes, including biomass or fossil fuel gasification and by co-electrolysis. In co-electrolysis, CO2 is reacted with water to produce syngas.	Download	8/10/2019
Clean Energy Credits for the Production of Low Carbon Hydrogen, Steel and Ammonia using Nuclear Energy, INL/EXT-20-58508	Light Water Reactor NPPs in the U.S., like other sources of electricity generation, are facing increasing market competition from NGCC power plants due to historically low-priced natural-gas (NG) associated with the U.S. shale gas boom. Some NPPs have been shut down, mainly due to economic considerations.	Download	6/22/2020
Hydrogen Generation and Industrial Heat Opportunities for Nuclear Plants in the Gulf Coast, INL/RPT-24-80189	This report specifically delves into hydrogen-generation opportunities from the U.S. Gulf Coast region. This study aims to assess NPP capabilities for hydrogen production and to identify practical nearby industrial and pipeline-operator off-takers for nuclear-integrated hydrogen production as well as to present some specific case-study analysis showing the conditions under which nuclear hydrogen production and sale can be profitable.	Download	08/29/2024
Plan for a Data Base Approach to Evaluating LWR Plant Integration with Hydrogen and Industrial Facilities	Researchers and Software Developers continued efforts associated with deploying a tool that can be used to identify the opportunities and barriers to creating hydrogen hubs around nuclear power plants in the US. The tool will enable evaluation based on economics, geography, industries, residences, geological hydrogen storage, and key infrastructure. The initial report, INL/RPT 23-75297, “Plan for a Data Base Approach to Evaluating LWR Plant Integration with Hydrogen and Industrial Facilities,” described the data base tool necessary to support this type of industry analysis.	Download	7/1/2024

Report Title	Brief Narrative	Link	Date
Expansion of Hazards and Probabilistic Risk Assessments of a Light-Water Reactor Coupled with Electrolysis Hydrogen Production Plants, INL/RPT-23-74319	This report builds upon the body of work sponsored by the DOE LWRS FPOG program that presented generic PRAs for the addition of a HES to light-water reactors to support the co-location of a HTEF.	Download	8/30/2023
Flexible Plant Operation and Generation Probabilistic Risk Assessment of a Light-Water Reactor Coupled with a High-Temperature Electrolysis Hydrogen Production Plant, INL/EXT-20-60104 Revision 1	This report details an expansion of the original two generic probabilistic risk assessments (PRAs) for the addition of a heat extraction system (HES) to a light-water reactor, one for a pressurized-water reactor and one for a boiling-water reactor. The new material in this revision includes a new HES design, direct electrical coupling of the nuclear power plant to the High-Temperature Electrolysis Facility (HTEF), and a smaller 100-MWt HTEF analysis. The results investigate the applicability of the potential licensing approaches, which do not require a full United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission licensing review. The PRAs are generic and include some assumptions. We eliminated many conservative assumptions from the preliminary pressurized-water reactor PRA report using design data for both the HES and HTEF.	Download	11/17/2022
Flexible Plant Operation and Generation Probabilistic Risk Assessment of a Light Water Reactor Coupled with a High-Temperature Electrolysis Hydrogen Production Plant, INL/EXT-20-60104	Flexible Plant Operation and Generation Probabilistic Risk Assessment of a Light Water Reactor Coupled with a High-Temperature Electrolysis Hydrogen Production Plant, INL/EXT-20-60104, October 2020.	Download	10/12/2020
Value of Nuclear Energy to the Reliability of the North American Power System: Results for Western and Eastern Interconnections, INL/RPT-24-79840.	The report provides a summary of the significant role nuclear energy plays in the United States’ power generation mix, providing around 20% of the nation’s electricity generation, spread across 28 U.S. states. Nuclear power is reliable and mostly unaffected by weather and seasonal changes and provides a consistent source of baseload power. In terms of capacity, nuclear power plants have as much as 26% of balancing area power generation capacity.	Download	07/31/2024
Topical Analyses Related to Co-located Industrial Facilities at Nuclear Power Plants, SAND2024-08110	This report investigates topics of interest with regard to Nuclear Power Plants utilizing FPOG. Previous reports have identified the risk associated with co-located hydrogen generation facilities. This report evaluates special topics with regard to co-location of both hydrogen and syngas production facilities.	Download	07/01/2024

Report Title	Brief Narrative	Link	Date
Report on the Creation and Progress of the Hydrogen Regulatory Research Review Group, INL/RPT-22-66844, Revision 2	FPOG Pathway is developing options to help U.S. NPP in all these areas to enable NPPs designed for steady baseload operation to integrate with intermittent wind and solar capacity to assure reliable clean energy for the nation. Current and near-term laboratory research is focusing on the technical, regulatory, safety, demonstration, and economic elements in support of improving nuclear plant flexibility through hybrid production of electricity and other non-electric products such as hydrogen and energy arbitrage.	Download	8/28/2023
Risk Analysis of a Hydrogen Generation Facility near a Nuclear Power Plant, SAND2023-07884	The intent of this study is to investigate the risk of a hydrogen production facility in close proximity to an NPP. A 100 MW, 500 MW, and 1,000 MW facility are evaluated herein. Previous analyses have evaluated preliminary designs of a hydrogen production facility in a conservative manner to determine if it is feasible to co-locate the facility within 1 km of an NPP. This analysis specifically evaluates the risk components of different hydrogen production facility designs, including the likelihood of a leak within the system and the associated consequence to critical NPP targets.	Download	8/15/2023
Simulation of Power Dispatch from a PWR/SOEC System for Contingency Reserves, INL/RPT-23-73164	This report describes simulations that were performed to verify that a NPP tightly coupled to a SOEC hydrogen production plant can qualify for participating in non-spinning and spinning and contingency reserve markets by providing spinning reserve power to the bulk electric grid in less than 10 minutes. Previous work with Sargent & Lundy developed a preliminary design and cost estimate for coupling an NPP to a 500 MW nominal SOEC plant, and this work builds on that effort by simulating their combined dynamic operation in a representative grid environment. For the simulations, a 4-loop PWR plant and a solid oxide electrolysis plant were modeled in Matlab/Simulink and connected to a representative grid modeled in RSCAD.	Download	6/29/2023
Heat Balance Model Analysis and Equipment Assessment for 30% Thermal Extraction from a Nuclear Power Plant	As non-dispatchable renewables, predominantly wind and solar, continue to penetrate U.S. energy markets, economic and capability challenges are becoming increasingly prevalent for traditional baseload generators, such as nuclear power plants. These pressures have led to decreased efficiencies and closures for nuclear plants which are vital to meeting national decarbonization goals. In an attempt to maximize efficiency and maintain the existing nuclear fleet, new ways to integrate energy systems are being sought after.	Download	6/1/2023
Risk Analysis of a 100 MW  Hydrogen Generation Facility near  a Nuclear Power Plant, SAND2023-04192	Nuclear power plants (NPPs) are considering flexible plant operations to take advantage of excess thermal and electrical energy. One option for NPPs is to pursue hydrogen production through high temperature electrolysis as an alternate revenue stream to remain economically viable. The intent of this study is to investigate the risk of a 100 MW hydrogen production facility in close proximity to an NPP. Previous analyses have evaluated preliminary designs of a hydrogen production facility in a conservative manner to determine if it is feasible to co-locate the facility within 1 km of an NPP. This analysis specifically evaluates the risk components of a 100 MW hydrogen production facility design, including the likelihood of a leak within the system and the associated consequence to critical NPP targets.	Download	5/25/2023
Preconceptual Designs of Coupled Power Delivery between a 4-Loop PWR and 100-500 MWe HTSE Plants, INL/RPT-23-71939, Rev 1	Computer modeling was performed for the thermal and electrical designs. The steady-state parameters for thermal extraction from the turbine cycle were determined using PEPSE, which is a software program for analyzing the steady-state thermal cycle performance of electric generating plants.	Download	5/19/2023
Preconceptual Designs of Coupled Power Delivery between a 4-Loop PWR and 100-500 MWe HTSE Plants, INL/RPT-23-71939	Computer modeling was performed for the thermal and electrical designs. The steady-state parameters for thermal extraction from the turbine cycle were determined using PEPSE, which is a software program for analyzing the steady-state thermal cycle performance of electric generating plants.	Download	4/28/2023
Analysis of Industrial Heat Sources for Hydrogen Production via HTSE, INL/RPT-23-7218	This study evaluates the use of industrial heat to provide the required heat for HTSE hydrogen production, enabling the LWR nuclear power plant to provide the electricity needed for HTSE while producing hydrogen for industrial processes. This approach would accelerate the development of nuclear-integrated hydrogen production without having to extract thermal energy from NPPs. The study focuses on ammonia and synthetic-fuels production as industrial processes, with other processes mentioned but not analyzed in detail.	Download	4/26/2023
NPP Simulators for Coupled Thermal and Electric Power Dispatch, INL/RPT-22-70545	This report summarizes progress in developing and testing full-scope NPP simulators at the INL HSSL that are being used to test operating concepts, address human factors, and prove the NPP operators can reliably and safely dispatch thermal and electrical power to a hydrogen plant. Development and testing of NPP simulators address two principal LWRS needs.	Download	12/22/2022
Co-simulation of Hydrogen Production with Nuclear Power Plants, INL/RPT-22-70457	This report documents the implementation of a data link between the INL HSSL and the INL Energy Systems Laboratory connecting a small-scale high-temperature electrolysis pilot plant and an electricity grid simulation capability. This connection enables virtual/physical co-simulation of an NPP to help develop operating concepts and control systems that will enable nuclear plant operators to dispatch thermal energy and electrical power between a close-coupled hydrogen plant, the electricity grid, or energy storage buffers that can be used for power arbitrage.	Download	12/20/2022
NPP Simulators for Coupled Thermal and Electric Power Dispatch, INL/RPT-22-02973	This report summarizes progress in developing and testing full-scope NPP simulators at the INL Human Systems Simulation Lab  that are being used to test operating concepts, address human factors, and prove the NPP operators can reliably and safely dispatch thermal and electrical power to a hydrogen plant. Development and testing of NPP simulators addresses two principal LWRS needs.	Download	12/14/2022
Report on the Creation and Progress of the Hydrogen Regulatory Research Review Group, INL/EXT-22-02126 Revision 1	H3RG was formed to begin identification of the generic technical and safety risks that could be accepted under a 10 CFR 50.59 evaluation and thus avoid the uncertainty of the LAR process. Thus, the generic guidance serves to reduce complex regulatory approvals under the LAR process that might otherwise be required. In support of this objective, the H3RG includes a broad collaboration with primary participants from DOE-supported national laboratory research leads, contracted AE participants, and nuclear utility licensing and design experts.	Download	11/15/2022
Multi-Facility Coordinated Thermal Power Dispatch Research Plan, INL/RPT-22-69493	This report presents a multi-facility coordinated research plan for fiscal years 2023 through 2025 for analyzing integrated electric and thermal power dispatch from commercial light water reactors to tertiary industrial loads. The work will be performed within the DOE LWRS — Flexible Plant Operation and Generation Research Pathway.	Download	9/30/2022
Technoeconomic Analysis of Product Diversification Options for Sustainability of the Monticello and Prairie Island Nuclear Power Plants, INL/EXT-21-62563	The objective of this work was to perform technoeconomic analysis of hybrid options that could be integrated with light-water reactor nuclear power plants in order to improve the viability and sustainability of existing LWRs through product diversification by using nuclear energy, not only to produce grid electricity, but also to produce carbon-free products, such as hydrogen, ammonia, or synthetic fuels.	Download	11/19/2021
Evaluation of Hybrid Flexible Plant Operation and Generation Applications in Regulated and Deregulated Markets Using HERON, INL/EXT-21-63226	A capability to include coupled thermal and electric power dispatch has also been enabled by connecting the TPD-GPWR simulator to power system real-time digital simulation capabilities at INL. A feasibility study of electrical coupling was performed and summarized in Section 2. Simulated industrial loads less than approximately 60 MWe can be couped to the TPD-GPWR as a house load while still being able to meet the requirement that a single unit auxiliary transformer be able to support all auxiliary loads.	Download	10/1/2021
Incorporation of Thermal-Hydraulic Models for Thermal Power Dispatch into a BWR Power Plant Simulator, INL/EXT-21-64479	This report describes the development, modeling, and results of a full-scope generic boiling water reactor power plant simulator that incorporates coupled electrical and thermal power dispatch to an industrial process located approximately one kilometer from the nuclear power plant. The simulator is a commercial BWR simulator that has been modified to include thermal power dispatch.	Download	9/21/2021
Preliminary Human System Evaluation of Thermal Power Dispatch Concept of Operations, INL/EXT-20-59898	Many conservative assumptions from the preliminary PWR PRA report were eliminated using design data for both the HES and the high-temperature electrolysis facility. The results of the PRA indicate that application using the licensing approach in 10 CFR 50.59 is justified because of the minimal increase in initiating event frequencies for all design basis accidents, none exceeding 5.6%.	Download	9/20/2020

Report Title	Brief Narrative	Link	Date
Preliminary Analysis and Evaluation of Thermal Stress Induced by High-Capacity Thermal Energy Delivery	This report summarizes key impacts of 30%, 50%, and 70% thermal power extraction on a generic Westinghouse 4 loop PWR. Full details of the PEPSE modeling and impacts are included, as well as thermal and mechanical shear stress considerations. Turbine stresses are expected to be balanced and nonproblematic. Thermal stresses in piping and heat transfer systems are typical and manageable. Mechanical shear stresses in the feedwater drain valves will require special consideration due to high steam velocities. Some drain valves will need to be replaced, and other valves will require additional monitoring to account for potential increased wear. Reactor response to load rejection or other transient events need to be assessed for acceptability through further core and plant response analysis.	Download	1/30/2024
Pre-Conceptual Design for Large-Scale Nuclear Integrated Hydrogen Production Facility, INL/RPT-24-7874, Rev 1	This report develops a pre-conceptual design for a generic large-scale, 500 MWdc HTE hydrogen production facility coupled with a generic 1,200 MWe pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power plant. The design is comprised of three (3) parts: 1. Hydrogen production facility, 2. High-voltage switchyard, and 3. Nuclear plant integration.	Download	6/27/2024
Design Basis for Control System Implementation in a PWR to Enable 30-100% Thermal Power Extraction, INL/RPT-24-77786	This report provides the additional background and design basis of the RCS average reference temperature for that design effort. The control system considerations to be implemented in a digital implementation in the plant are identified, as well as the devices/components to be controlled and the impacts to existing control systems that need to be considered by end users. This review applies specifically to digital control systems and more specifically, Westinghouse 4-Loop PWRs. The assessment approach is generally applicable to other Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS) digital designs. All PWR plants will require a detailed plant specific assessment to determine unit specific modification requirements.	Download	4/26/2024
Evaluation of the Technical Feasibility, Plant Physical Modification, and Digital Controls Modifications required for 50% and 70% Thermal Energy Extraction from a Pressurized Water Reactor, INL/RPT-24-77436	This report presents a plant system integration feasibility assessment performed to establish constraints and limitations to establish a target for thermal energy that can reasonably be extracted from the secondary system of a generic pressurized water reactor (PWR) without major secondary system redesign and modification, and without impact to the primary function of the electric generator.	Download	4/9/2024
Preconceptual Designs of 50% and 70% Thermal Power Extraction Systems, INL/RPT- 24-77206	One of the focuses of the Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program is to explore the diversification of light-water reactor (LWR) revenue streams through the Flexible Plant Operation and Generation Pathway. Direct steam utilization is one potential method of alternative revenue. Nuclear plant steam applications include hydrogen generation, desalination, district heating, thermal storage, and industrial processes. Steam utilization can help increase nuclear plant efficiencies and economics while providing a low-carbon solution for thermal power users. This report assesses the impacts of high levels of thermal power extraction on a generic nuclear plant design to determine feasible extraction limits for nuclear plant steam.	Download	3/27/2024
Evaluating Energy Storage Options and Costs for Consistent Energy Supply to Non-Electric Sectors, INL/RPT-24-76179	This study investigates the different options for coupling thermal energy (TES) systems to a pressurized light water reactor (PWR) and assesses the competitiveness of PWR-TES systems considering different technological constraints, industrial requirements, and market conditions. The present work draws on heat balance analysis results obtained from extracting 30% heat from a 4-loop Westinghouse PWR plant. Previous research has determined that two-tank molten salt TES designs are one of and perhaps the most practical option for delivering PWR heat to industrial customers.	Download	1/15/2024
Advancements in Development and Testing of Thermal Power Dispatch Simulators, INL/RPT-23-74799	This report documents ongoing efforts to develop and test TPD operations within commercial full-scope NPP simulators. First, the report describes further modifications that have been made to the GPWR TPD model and HMI to align those tools with a new TPD design developed by Sargent and Lundy. The new modifications include an automatic control system for testing advanced control concepts. This report also contains a description of work performed in collaboration with Westinghouse using their three-loop pressurized water reactor (W3LPWR) simulator, which contains an industrial-grade automatic control system.	Download	9/29/2023
Impacts of Extracting 30% of Reactor Power from a Pressurized Water Reactor, INL/RPT-23-74666	The results described herein are based on a generic reference plant and PEPSE model. Plant-specific evaluation of core/plant response and equipment would be required for any station considering a modification of this type. The results of a site-specific evaluation may differ from this generic PEPSE model analysis and equipment assessment based on plant/equipment design, operation, and age.	Download	9/28/2023
Heat Augmentation from LWRs to Support High-temperature Industrial Applications, and Piping System Analysis for High Temperature Heat Delivery from an LWR, INL/RPT-24-80327	This report focuses on determining optimal heat delivery methods and provides lowest cost piping designs that satisfy heat duty requirements and other constraints specific to different applications. Two types of heat loads are considered, including sensible heat loads and uniform temperature loads.	Download	08/30/2024
Heat Augmentation from LWRs to Support High-temperature Industrial Applications, INL/RPT-24-80435	In the US industrial process heat based on fossil fuel sources accounts for approximately 30% of all greenhouse gas emissions. Replacing those heat sources with low-carbon “clean” heat is receiving considerable attention.	Download	08/29/2024
Virtual Demonstration of Flexible Hydrogen Production Using Nuclear Power as Non-Spinning Reserve Capacity Supporting High Penetration of Wind and Solar Power, INL/RPT-24-80381	This report describes simulations that were performed to analyze the coupled performance of integrated energy systems that include nuclear power and solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) hydrogen production in a power grid environment.	Download	08/30/2024
Guidance on Near-Term Hydrogen Production using Nuclear Power, INL/RPT-24-78729	The intent is to provide nuclear power plant owners, electrical power utilities, hydrogen gas suppliers and users introduction and access to: (1) computation tools that evaluate the business case and investment decisions for producing hydrogen based on individual plant and location-specific conditions, (2) pre-conceptual architecture/engineering design documents that can be used to guide plant-specific integration with a close-coupled hydrogen plant, (3) relative to operating concepts that allow the nuclear plants to dispatch electricity and steam to a water-splitting electrolysis plant to produce hydrogen, (4) generic safety hazards and risk assessments that are pertinent to evaluating license requirements, and (5) regulatory perspectives and approaches that need to be taken into consideration.	Download	07/01/2024